Implementation of CPM and PERT Method in Canteen Development Project CV Super Makmur

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Project management is the science and art concerned with planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling projects to achieve predefined goals by making optimal use of available resources.One important aspect of project management is time management, i.e., the ability to complete projects according to a predetermined schedule.Project time management involves activities such as defining, sorting, estimating, and scheduling project activities, as well as monitoring and controlling changes to project schedules.Project time management is very influential on project success, because it can save costs, improve quality, and satisfy stakeholders.Therefore, project management and implementation of project timeliness is very important and needs to be well studied by project managers and project team members.
CV Super Makmur is a company engaged in construction services.This company has many clients, both from the government and private sectors, who need construction services for various construction needs and needs related to construction project activities.To improve service quality and capacity, CV Super Makmur plans to build a new canteen on land owned by PT Tubaindo Coal Mining as the Owner of this project.
The construction of this new canteen is a complex project and requires a lot of resources, both human, material, and financial.The project also has many activities that are interrelated and influence each other.Therefore, good project planning and control is needed so that the project can be completed on time, within budget, and according to specifications.
One method that can be used to plan and control projects is the CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) methods.This method can assist project managers in determining critical activities, estimating the time, cost, and resources needed for each activity, as well as determining the critical path that indicates the sequence of activities that should be prioritized.Using this method, project managers can optimize project scheduling, reduce the risk of delays, and improve project efficiency.The Critical Path Method is a method used to plan, estimate, and control project costs and resources by considering dependencies between project activities.CPM uses one estimated time for each activity, which is normal time.Using specific algorithms, CPMs can calculate the start time, end time, slack, and cost for each activity, as well as determine the critical path and optimal cost of the project.Program Evaluation and Review Technique is a method used to plan, estimate, and control project completion time by considering the uncertainty that exists in each project activity.PERT uses three time estimates for each activity: optimistic time, most likely time, and pessimistic time.Using a specific formula, PERT can calculate the average time and variance for each activity, as well as determine the critical path and project performance index.
Abdurrasyid et al. [1] implementing CPM and PERT methods in the shipbuilding project management information system at PT. Eternal City.They show that this method can help the project Manager in determining critical activities, estimating time, costs, and resources project power, and reduce the risk of project delays and surcharges.Anggara Hayan [2] applying CPM and PERT methods in the implementation of paving road construction projects in Paras Village, Pangkur District, Ngawi Regency, East Java.They show that the method This can achieve time effectiveness in the work on paving road projects.Naura Mutia Astari et al., [3] conduct an analysis of XYZ Museum project planning using CPM and PERT methods.They show that this method can calculate the meantime, variance, path critical, performance index, optimal cost, and project S-curve.
Based on the description above, the author is interested in conducting research entitled "Implementation of CPM and PERT Methods in CV Super Makmur Canteen Development Project".This study aims to analyze and evaluate the application of CPM and PERT methods in the CV Super Makmur canteen construction project, as well as provide recommendations to improve project performance.Sugiyono [4] Describe research methods as "a scientific way to obtain data with specific purposes and uses.The scientific way means that research activities are based on scientific characteristics, namely rational, empirical, and systematic".Rational means that research activities are carried out in reasonable ways, so that they are affordable by human reasoning.Empirical means that the ways in which it is carried out can be observed by the human senses, so that others can observe and know the means used.Systematic, meaning that the process used in the study uses certain steps that are logical.

According
to Sugiyono [4] Understanding quantitative methods is: Quantitative method is a research method based on the philosophy of positivism, and is used to examine certain populations or samples, data collection using research instruments, quantitative or statistical data analysis, with the aim of testing hypotheses that have been previously determined.In this study, data collection using surveys, "The survey method is one of the quantitative research methods that is often used by novice researchers.The method aims to see how events take place at a certain time occur, and whether there is an impact on other events.The last thing is called the cause-and-effect method (casual)".
Based on the description above, researchers concluded that the research method is a way to collect data.Thus, the research method used by researchers is using quantitative methods and using survey research.
Data sources in this study include internal data, namely data obtained directly from the place and institution of the research company so that information (secondary data) of research is not obtained through intermediaries.

Data Collection Techniques (Population and Sample)
Sampling technique is a way to determine the number of samples in accordance with the sample size that will be used as the actual data source, by paying attention to the properties and distribution of the population in order to obtain a representative sample [5].In this study the sampling techniques used were Non-Probability Sampling.There are several types of techniques sampling that can be used inside Non-Probability Sampling However, researchers only use Purposive Sampling (intentional sampling).
Purposive Sampling is a way (technique) of sampling by setting a target chosen from the entire population that really understands and knows what the researcher wants, so that the researcher will get both quantitative and qualitative data in accordance with the problem studied.
This technique was chosen by the researcher because of the data needed in this study such as the price of wages for workers who will be interviewed directly to manual workers (handymen), the dependency relationship of each job to be interviewed directly to the supervisor or head handyman who has a work area in the construction field, and the causes of delays in each work both technical and non-technical that will be interviewed to the supervisor or The head of the related handyman who has a working area in the construction field.

Variable Operationalization
This research adopts a quantitative approach and applies descriptive analysis using CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) methods.Two types of variables were used in this study, namely independent variables and dependent variables.The independent variable in this study consists of CPM (X1) and PERT (X2), while the variable (Y) is the project completion time or estimated project time.
Variables X and Y are two variables related to project management.Variable X is the CPM and PERT method, while variable Y is project timeliness.Here are the explanations and indicators used for each variable.

Definisi CPM CPM (Critical Path Method
) is a deterministic approach that identifies the longest activity path in a project, whereas.The indicators used for the CPM method are: 1) Activity Time (AT): The actual time the project activity was completed.

2) Start Time (ES):
The fastest time possible to start an activity.
3) End Time (EF): The fastest time possible to complete an activity.The formula is EF=ES+T 4) Last End Time (LF): The last possible time to complete an activity without delaying the project.

Data Collection Techniques
The research method used is quantitative, so researchers make direct observations in the field, process numerical data observations and conduct direct interviews with the person in charge of project implementation in the right research and direct communication with the managing director of the CV project.Super Mamur. Figure 2.1: Schedule of Activities This research adopts a quantitative approach and applies descriptive analysis using CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) methods.Two types of variables were used in this study, namely independent variables and dependent variables.The independent variable in this study consists of CPM (X1) and PERT (X2), while the dependent variable is Project Completion Time (Y).Variables X and Y are two variables related to project management.Variable X is the CPM and PERT method, while variable Y is project timeliness.
In conducting research, the data collected will be used to solve existing problems so that the data must be completely reliable and accurate.In a scientific study, data collection methods are intended to obtain relevant, accurate, and reliable materials.
The data collection methods to be used in this study are:

Interview
Interviews as a technique for finding and collecting information are carried out by going directly to respondents to be asked for information about something they know (can be about an event, facts, or opinions of respondents [5].

Observation
Observation is the observation and recording carefully and systematically of the symptoms (phenomena) under study.

Study Book
Data collection is carried out by reading literature books, journals, the internet, magazines, and previous research related to the research being conducted.

Data Processing and Analysis Techniques
The research flow chart from the start of persuasion negotiation to the completion of research activities, as follows:  In this study, the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) methods will be used, especially in scheduling a project.In the CPM method, there are two estimates of time and cost for each activity contained in the network.The two estimates are the estimated completion time and cost that is normal (normal estimate) and the estimated time and cost that is accelerated (Crash Estimate).In determining the estimated time for completion, the critical path will be known, the path that has the series of activities with the longest total amount of time and the fastest project completion time.So, it can be said that the critical path contains critical activities from the beginning to the end of the path.To find out the steps to be carried out in this study, namely: 1) Collect data such as project work drawings, Time Schedule & S Curve, Unit Price Analysis (AHS), and Work Break Down Structure (WBS).2) Conduct an inventory of activities, which is to break down the main activities of the project into detailed work components into a table for easy description.
3) Furthermore, by providing activity IDs of all work items into the table for easy identification.ID can be letters of the alphabet.4) Calculate the duration and cost of each activity resulting from the calculation of worker productivity based on unit price analysis based on observations and interviews in the field, namely the volume of work, the number of workers, the price of workers, and the productivity of workers per week.In this calculation, the unit used is the week.5) Rearrange the components of the activity into a chain in a logical order of dependence between each job based on literature study, observation and direct interviews with supervisors or head craftsmen in the field.Determining the logic of dependence between activities is carried out with three possible relationships, namely preceding activities, preceded activities, and free (Dummy).6) Perform time analysis calculations using CPM and PERT methods.In this calculation, researchers use POM QM software for windows.7) After the calculation of the determination of the critical path.8) The next step is to draw network planning, nodes that contain letters from activities, the results of calculations of ES, EF, LS and LF, then arrows that indicate the direction from the previous activity to the next activity, the activity code that has been determined, the dummy of the activity that has been determined and the critical activities that have been obtained.In this network planning description, researchers use help software in the form of POMQM for Windows V5.

Research Location and Schedule
The research was conducted on the construction of the canteen construction of PT Terubaindo Coal Mining by CV Super makmur in East Kalimantan Province, Kutai Batar Regency, for approximately (3) three months.Address CAMP bunyut Office kecamatan melak -Kalimantan Timur, Kabupaten Kutai Barat Pos 75775, Indonesia:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PT Terubaindo Coal Mining's Bunyut canteen site construction project by CV Super Makmur in East Kalimantan Province, Kutai Batar Regency, which is planned to start from November 1, 2023 for a period of 3 months which is targeted to be completed on January 31, 2024.To support this research, the following project data are needed: Table 3 As explained in the introduction, the scope and objectives of the research are summarized, research from beginning to finishing.The contract value for building work is Rp.1.195.100.000,-and the duration of time for canteen building work items is only 3 months or 12 weeks.Based on the results of interviews and review of RAB documents for canteen construction projects, data were obtained related to the type of activity, the duration of each activity, the sequence of each activity, the cost and the number of human resources involved.
In the Bunyut canteen site construction project of PT Terubaindo Coal Mining by CV Super Makmur in East Kalimantan Province, Kutai Batar Regency, there are several items and sub-work of canteen building work, namely work that includes from the beginning of preparation to the final work (finishing).Here are the items and sub jobs: Table 3 In calculating the duration of a job there are several important components that must be known such as the list of work volume (BoQ), the coefficient of each job, and it must be known whether the work is done manually or mechanically, if mechanical then it is necessary to know what type of heavy equipment and how much heavy equipment is used on the job.In making a project planning schedule, the thing to know is the price of workers who will be used when carrying out work.So that the prices of these workers will be included in the AHSP to determine the total cost of the RAB.The following are the prices of workers obtained from interviews with field supervisors:  Next look at the probability value for Z = 2,27 in the Z distribution table, the normal distribution table shows a probability number of 0.9984.means the probability that the project can be completed during 11 week is 99%.These results are in line with the results of the study Abdur Rassid [1] where they show that this method can help the project Manager in determining critical activities, estimating time, costs, and resources project power, and reduce the risk of project delays and surcharges.From the calculation of the total cost of building the canteen, we can see that the project time can be accelerated from 12 weeks to 11 weeks with a difference of 1 week.And for the 11-week acceleration fee is greater because there is an additional cost of Rp2,588,940 which is an acceleration surcharge for 1 week.It can be concluded that before applying the CPM and PERT methods, the project duration is 12 weeks at a cost of Rp. 1,171,739,257, while after applying the CPM and PERT methods, the project duration is 11 weeks at a cost of Rp. 1,174,328,197.DISCUSSION Implementation of CPM and PERT methods by constructing project network diagrams using AON (Activity on node) networks in the Bunyut canteen site construction project of PT Terubaindo Coal Mining by CV Super Makmur in East Kalimantan Province, Kutai Batar Regency, with a contract value for building work, namely, Rp. 1,195,100,000, -and the duration of completion time for canteen construction project work for 3 months or 12 weeks.Canteen building work items activities that include from the beginning of preparation to final work (finishing) in the canteen construction project.The following work items and their codes, durations, and budget costs, (A) Preliminary Work with a duration of 1 week at a cost of Rp25,889,400, (B) Earthworks with a duration of 2 weeks at a cost of Rp29,912,688, (C) Foundation Work with a duration of 3 weeks at a cost of Rp83,003,268, (D) Concrete Work with a duration of 4 weeks at a cost of Rp178,184,451, (E) Spouse Work with a duration of 4 weeks at a cost of Rp253,096,700, (F) Cendela Door Frame Work duration 4 weeks at a cost of Rp71,567,600, (G) Roof Work with a duration of 3 weeks at a cost of Rp263,105,000, (H)

Figure 2 . 3 :
Project site plan (PT Terubaindo Coal Mining)2.6.1 Research ScheduleThe research will be carried out for 3 (Three) months starting from November 1, 2023 -January 31, 2024.Researchers will make observations, observations and interviews.

Table 3 .
Figure 3.2: Slack time calculation .2: Canteen construction project items and sub works

Table 3 .
3: Activities and Duration of Implementation for CPM Method

Table 3 .
4: Activities and Duration of Implementation for the PERT Method

Table 3 .
9: Calculation of total cost of Canteen construction