Utilizing Resources and Reducing Emissions through Waste-to-Energy Technologies in Food Processing in the Southeast Asian Agricultural Industry

The application of waste-to-energy (WTE) technology in Southeast Asian food processing is examined in this study, with an emphasis on emissions reduction and better resource usage. To evaluate the social, environmental, and economic effects, quantitative evaluations were carried out at a few chosen facilities. The findings show that there has been a 60% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, a 25% gain in energy efficiency, and a 40% reduction in the production of organic waste on a daily basis. Positive returns on an initial investment of $5 million on average, together with the creation of 200 jobs per facility, are indicators of economic feasibility. The research highlights the revolutionary possibilities of WTE technology and offers practical suggestions for the area's sustainable growth.


INTRODUCTION
The agricultural industry in Southeast Asia is indeed facing significant challenges, particularly in the area of food processing.These challenges are primarily driven by rising waste generation, increasing environmental concerns, and the impacts of climate change.One of the main issues is the rising greenhouse gas emissions associated with the consumption and production of food.This is becoming increasingly important in Southeast Asia due to rapid population growth, which is leading to year-on-year increases in food demand [1], [2].Food processing is an energyintensive process and often has an impact on the environment.However, to date, countries in Southeast Asia have shown little interest in addressing greenhouse gas emissions across the whole life cycle of food-production, processing, transportation, retailing, consumption, and final disposal-despite a growing awareness of climate change and its effects [3].
Another challenge is the vulnerability of the agricultural industry to climate change.Southeast Asia's coastlines are particularly vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters, which result in heavy losses with agricultural and household damage.Socioeconomic changes influencing coastal vulnerability in Southeast Asia include increasing population density as well as growth, rapid and poorly planned urbanization, migration to the coast, and improper development in high-risk areas for tourism, transportation, and industry [4]- [6].These processes result in large-scale land-use changes and hydrological system transformations in coastal areas, as well as the degradation of coastal ecosystems [7].
The widespread of pathogenic microorganisms has also posed a serious threat to the industry over the years, with hundreds of millions of money wasted and total yield being lost due to the devastating diseases associated with each type of the plants [8].In terms of waste generation, the re-evaluation of food processes seems to be a useful effort regarding current safety, environmental, and quality concerns in the food industry.For example, questions have arisen about acrylamide in heated foods.Some other examples lie with drying operations where a compromise must be found between drying ability and intensity and final food quality [9].The Southeast Asian region, with its rapid economic expansion and significant agricultural sector, indeed faces a considerable challenge in managing waste generated by the food processing industry.This waste not only poses immediate disposal challenges but also contributes significantly to environmental degradation and greenhouse gas emissions [10].
Several innovative and sustainable solutions have been proposed to address this issue.One such solution is the development of sustainable waste management practices in the foodservice industry.A study suggests that waste management initiatives can be categorized into three facets: service, process (operational), and organizational practices and innovations.These initiatives include resource management, waste prevention, processing and disposal techniques, and stakeholder involvement.The study establishes a catalogue of solutions for food, packaging, and other 'non-food' waste that foodservice establishments can implement [11].Another promising solution is the conversion of biomass waste into Bio-Coke, an alternative source of coal coke.This method not only helps manage waste but also addresses concerns over fossil fuel depletion and the environmental impact of greenhouse gases [12].
Waste-to-energy conversion is another innovative method that has been explored.This process involves using food processing waste as feedstock for a waste-to-energy conversion process, which comprises two distinct systems: waste-to-fuel and fuel-to-energy.The fuel can either be sold to generate revenue or converted on-site to electrical or thermal energy to offset the plant power requirements [13].Moreover, the potential of fermented food from Southeast Asia as biofertilizer is being explored.This method utilizes leftover food materials and readily available bacterial cultures, such as yoghurt drinks, and ferments them under a specific period in either solid or liquid form.
Fermented food is known to be rich in good microbial flora, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which can act as a plant growth-promoting agent, improving the nutrient availability of food waste [14].
In conclusion, while the challenge of managing waste from the food processing industry in Southeast Asia is significant, various innovative and sustainable solutions are being explored.These solutions not only aim to manage and reduce waste but also contribute to environmental sustainability and economic development.Responding to the needs of the contemporary agricultural environment, this research seeks to examine the prospects of integrating waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies into food processing operations across Southeast Asia.The primary objective is to conduct a rigorous quantitative analysis that delves into the multifaceted impacts of WTE implementation.By focusing on improving resource utilization and reducing emissions, this research aims to provide empirical evidence on the feasibility and efficacy of this technology, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable practices in the region.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Current State of the Southeast Asian Agricultural Industry
The Southeast Asian region has emerged as a crucial player in the global agricultural landscape, marked by a diverse range of crops and a vibrant food processing industry.One of the major challenges is land use change, particularly deforestation and urbanization.In Indonesia, for example, these trends have led to a loss of species diversity, climate change, disruption of the hydrological cycle, and significant contributions to global warming and the greenhouse effect.Urban expansion often leads to the conversion of agricultural land to urban uses, creating a new landscape characterized by a mix of agricultural and non-agricultural land uses [15].Another challenge is the threat of diseases to crop yield.For instance, Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the causal pathogen of black Sigatoka, a devastating disease of banana, can cause 20 to 80% yield loss in the absence of fungicides in banana crops [16].
In terms of food processing, the application of non-thermal processing technology (NTP) is increasing within the food industry in Southeast Asia.This technology offers advantages such as preserving the sensory and nutritional attributes of the product, thus yielding products with better quality compared to traditional processing methods [17].Agricultural practices also have an impact on soil properties.In the mountainous region of Northern Vietnam, different agricultural land use systems have varying impacts on soil fertility and weathering in relation to soil erosion [18].
The COVID-19 pandemic has also had impacts on environmental sustainability in the region.
While there have been positive effects such as a reduction in air pollution and improvement of air and water quality, negative effects include a rise in the use of plastics and the generation of medical waste [19].The region also faces issues related to the coverage of genetically modified crops in the media.A study found that a freer press status fosters more stories and use of frames while a precautionary biotech policy favors the citing of more sources.However, the diversity of sources produced a more polarized coverage that tended to be negative toward this innovation [20].
In the traditional fish products industry, challenges include obtaining a reliable supply of good-quality raw materials, a lack of infrastructure, poor processing techniques, inadequate marketing, and a lack of food safety standards [21].Climate change is another significant challenge, with impacts on sea level rise in coastal areas, forestry, agriculture and food productivity, marine life, wildlife habitat and natural ecosystem, biodiversity, glaciers, floods, and human health.To address these challenges, it is crucial for Southeast Asian countries to promote sustainable practices, strengthen research and training activities, improve marketing, and ensure that they meet food safety standards.They also need to invest in technologies that can enhance the quality of food products and reduce the environmental impact of agricultural practices.

Waste-to-Energy Technology in Food Processing
The literature reveals a growing body of research and practical implementations showcasing the potential of waste-to-energy technology in addressing the waste predicament in the food processing sector [4], [6], [22]- [25].Various technologies, including anaerobic digestion, incineration, and gasification, have been explored as viable solutions to convert organic waste into energy.Case studies from different parts of the world underscore the positive outcomes, such as reduced waste disposal costs and the generation of renewable energy.

Environmental and Economic Impacts
Numerous studies have investigated the environmental and economic implications of adopting waste-to-energy technology.Environmental benefits include a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, less reliance on landfill disposal, and the potential to create a circular economy within the West Science Interdisciplinary Studies  Vol.01, No. 10, October and 2023: pp.918-927 921 food processing sector [26]- [28].Economically, the literature suggests that while there may be initial capital investments, the long-term gains in terms of energy production and waste reduction can significantly outweigh these costs [29], [30].

Challenges and Opportunities
The literature acknowledges that despite the promising potential of waste-to-energy technology, there are challenges that need to be addressed.These include technological constraints, regulatory frameworks, and public perceptions.Additionally, there is a need for a nuanced understanding of the social and economic dynamics involved in the implementation of such technologies.The literature also points to opportunities for innovation, collaboration, and policy support that can facilitate the effective integration of waste-to-energy systems.

METHODS
This research focuses on strategically selected regions in Southeast Asia, taking into account factors such as the intensity of food processing activities, waste generation rates, and the existing regulatory landscape.By selecting representative regions, the research aims to provide insights that can be applied across different contexts in the region.The research involved careful data collection to establish baseline data for waste generation, energy consumption, and current emissions at the selected food processing facilities.Primary data was obtained through site visits, surveys, and interviews with industry stakeholders.In addition, existing data from relevant government agencies, industry reports, and academic studies will be analyzed to enrich the data set.

Waste Generation Analysis
Quantification of waste types and volumes generated in food processing operations.
Identification of organic waste streams suitable for waste-to-energy conversion.

Energy Consumption and Emission Inventory
Measurement of energy consumption patterns in food processing facilities.Compilation of greenhouse gas emissions data associated with current waste management practices.

Implementation of Waste to Energy Technology
The research will involve the design and implementation of waste-to-energy technologies tailored to the specific needs of the selected food processing facilities.The selected technology will be based on a thorough review of available options, taking into account factors such as waste composition, scale of operations, and regional infrastructure.Key steps in the implementation process include:

Technology Selection
Evaluation of various waste-to-energy technologies (e.g., anaerobic digestion, incineration, gasification) based on technical feasibility and economic viability.
Selection of the most appropriate technology for the study area.

Integration Process
Detailed planning and integration of the selected waste-to-energy technology into existing food processing operations.Collaboration with industry partners and technology providers to ensure smooth implementation.

Quantitative Analysis
The core of this study lies in a robust quantitative analysis that evaluates the economic, environmental, and social impacts of integrating waste-to-energy technologies in food processing operations.

Respondent Demographics
The age distribution of respondents reflected a diverse range, with the majority falling between 25 and 44 years old (75%).This concentration suggests that individuals who are in their prime working years are actively engaged or interested in the research, which may indicate a high professional or academic interest in waste-to-energy technologies in food processing in Southeast Asia.The younger representation of respondents (18-24 years old) may indicate an emerging interest among the younger generation in sustainable practices in the industry.
The gender distribution shows a majority of male respondents (60%), indicating a potential gender gap in the industry or perhaps a historical trend in male-dominated roles in food processing.
The presence of female respondents (38%) is promising, suggesting increased inclusivity in this field.
The "Other" category at 2% provides an opportunity for further exploration of gender identity and inclusivity in this context.The dominance of respondents with a Bachelor's or Master's degree (70%) indicates a highly educated group of participants.This educated demographic is well positioned to provide appropriate insights into the complex technical and managerial aspects of waste-to-energy technologies.The representation of respondents with a high school diploma or below (5%) and a Doctorate/Ph.D. (5%) offers a valuable diversity of perspectives.
The dominance of Food Processing Industry Professionals (45%) in the respondent group indicates strong engagement from those directly involved in the field.The presence of Environmental Scientists/Engineers (20%), Government Officials/Regulators (15%), and Academics/Researchers (15%) demonstrates a multi-stakeholder perspective, encouraging a comprehensive understanding of waste-to-energy technologies from a practical and regulatory standpoint.The distribution of respondents across different experience levels highlights a balanced representation.The significant presence of mid-level professionals (6-15 years of experience) at 75% collectively brings seasoned insights and fresh perspectives.The inclusion of respondents with 0-2 years of experience (10%) and those with more than 16 years of experience (15%) contributes to a thorough understanding of technology adoption trends across career ranges.
The distribution of respondents across small, medium and large companies demonstrates the relevance of waste-to-energy technologies across different scales of operations.Medium-sized companies (51-500 employees) were highly prevalent (45%), indicating considerable interest from medium-sized entities, potentially reflecting the adaptability of the technology across different business sizes.The regional distribution shows a focus on Thailand (40%) as a significant contributor, followed by Vietnam (30%) and Indonesia (20%).The inclusion of "Other" locations (10%) indicates consideration for a broader Southeast Asian perspective, ensuring the study captures regional variations in waste management practices and technology adoption.
The distribution of waste management practices shows a varied landscape.Recycling (35%) and Incineration (25%) are the most prominent, indicating awareness and adoption of diverse waste management methods.The inclusion of "Other" practices (10%) hints at a heterogeneous waste management landscape, which may involve innovative or context-specific approaches.The majority of respondents expressed a high level of awareness (Very Aware: 50%) of sustainable practices, indicating a knowledgeable participant base.The inclusion of respondents with varying levels of awareness (Somewhat Aware: 30%, Somewhat Aware: 15%) and a small proportion who stated Not Aware at All (5%) allowed for a more diverse exploration of the knowledge spectrum.
The distribution of attitudes towards sustainability shows a positive trend, with most respondents expressing Strongly Supportive (40%) and Somewhat Supportive (35%).The inclusion of a Neutral category (15%) indicates a diverse perspective, providing an opportunity to explore the factors that influence varying levels of support.A relatively low percentage of respondents expressed an unfavorable attitude (Somewhat Unsupportive: 7%, Strongly Unsupportive: 3%).The predominance of English proficiency (70%) indicates a strong English-speaking demographic, which aligns with the global nature of sustainability discussions.The inclusion of regional language proficiency (30%) underscores the importance of recognizing regional language diversity, to ensure inclusivity in this study.The distribution of respondents across different technology adoption profiles highlights a balanced representation.The presence of Early Adopters (25%) indicates a proactive engagement with emerging technologies, while the majority falling under the Average Adopters category (50%) reflects a measured and pragmatic approach.The inclusion of Late Adopters (20%) and those who indicated Not Applicable (5%) offers insight into the diverse adoption timelines within the industry.

Improved Resource Utilization
The application of waste-to-energy technology shows a substantial improvement in resource utilization in food processing facilities: 1. Waste Reduction: Before WTE, the average daily organic waste generation was 5,000 metric tons across the selected facilities.After implementation, this amount was reduced by 40%, resulting in a daily generation of 3,000 metric tons of organic waste.
2. Improved Efficiency: The integration of the WTE system resulted in impressive energy efficiency improvements.Facilities, on average, reported a 25% reduction in external energy consumption as the WTE technology harnessed the energy potential of the organic waste stream.

Emissions Reduction
Measuring the environmental impact of WTE technology reveals significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions: 1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: Comparing baseline emissions from traditional waste disposal methods to the post-WTE implementation period, there was an average 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste management.