Mapping the Progress and Direction of Sustainable Agriculture Research in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Analysis Perspective

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Sustainable agriculture has emerged as a critical area of focus globally, aiming to address environmental, social, and economic challenges while ensuring food security and agricultural productivity [1], [2].In Indonesia, a country rich in agricultural diversity and natural resources, sustainable agricultural practices are of paramount importance to mitigate the impact of climate change, preserve biodiversity, and enhance the livelihoods of farmers and rural communities [3], [4].Over the years, significant efforts and investments have been made towards advancing sustainable agriculture in Indonesia, encompassing various aspects such as agroecology, organic farming, precision agriculture, sustainable resource management, and resilient agricultural systems [5].
Indonesia's agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the nation's economy, providing livelihoods for millions of people and contributing significantly to the country's GDP [6].However, traditional agricultural practices often come with environmental challenges such as deforestation, soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss [7], [8].Moreover, the effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and shifting rainfall patterns, further exacerbate these challenges, posing threats to food security and rural livelihoods [9], [10].
In response to these challenges, sustainable agriculture has gained traction as a holistic approach that seeks to balance environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic viability [11], [12].This paradigm shift involves adopting practices and technologies that promote resilience, resource efficiency, and ecosystem health while ensuring equitable benefits for farmers and communities [13], [14].Agroecology, for instance, emphasizes ecological principles in agricultural systems, promoting biodiversity, natural pest control, and soil health through practices like crop diversification, agroforestry, and integrated pest management [15].Organic farming focuses on minimizing synthetic inputs, conserving resources, and enhancing soil fertility through composting, crop rotation, and biological pest control methods [13].
Despite the growing emphasis on sustainable agriculture, there is a need to systematically assess the progress, trends, and directions of research in this field within the Indonesian context.Identifying key themes, influential publications, collaborations, and research gaps can provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to prioritize areas for further development and innovation.Thus, the research problem revolves around understanding the landscape of sustainable agriculture research in Indonesia and delineating its evolution, strengths, and areas needing more attention.
The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to map the progress and direction of sustainable agriculture research in Indonesia.Specifically, the research aims to: (1)

LITERATURE REVIEW
Sustainable agriculture in Indonesia has been a topic of interest due to the potential benefits and risks associated with modern biotechnology products, particularly in the agricultural sector.While these products can enhance food security and human well-being, they also pose risks to biodiversity conservation and long-term sustainability, as well as human health.To address these concerns, it is crucial to take legal, administrative, and technical measures to ensure the safety of genetically modified food products [16].
The Indonesian government has implemented various regulations to ensure the safety of genetically modified food products.These regulations are based on international and national laws, as well as relevant data sources.The analysis of these regulations reveals that the safety of genetically modified food products is governed by the Convention on Biological Diversity, which includes provisions for the safety of genetically modified organisms [16].In addition to legal frameworks, sustainable agriculture in Indonesia also involves the adoption of practices that promote the health of the environment and support the long-term productivity of agricultural systems.This includes the use of organic farming techniques, the promotion of agroforestry systems, and the support for small-scale farmers who use sustainable farming practices.
Sustainable agriculture in Indonesia requires a balanced approach that considers the benefits and risks of modern biotechnology products, while also promoting practices that support the health of the environment and the well-being of farmers and consumers.This involves a combination of legal, administrative, and technical measures, as well as the support for sustainable farming practices that can contribute to the long-term productivity and resilience of agricultural systems in Indonesia.

METHODS
The methodology for this research involves a systematic approach to conducting a bibliometric analysis of sustainable agriculture research in Indonesia.Initially, relevant publications will be collected from academic databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using carefully chosen keywords related to sustainable agriculture, Indonesia, agricultural practices, environmental impact, and socio-economic aspects.The retrieved publications will undergo rigorous screening to include only peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and reviews pertinent to sustainable agriculture research conducted in Indonesia, with translations for non-English publications if necessary.Subsequently, bibliometric techniques will be applied to analyze the selected publications, including assessing publication trends over time, conducting citation analysis, and visualizing collaboration networks among authors using tool like VOSviewer.Impact assessment will be carried out through citation analysis, journal impact factors, and h-index calculations to evaluate the visibility and global relevance of Indonesian sustainable agriculture research.Additionally, network analysis will help identify influential authors and research clusters, while thematic analysis and keyword clustering will reveal potential research gaps and emerging areas within sustainable agriculture research in Indonesia.The table provides a comprehensive overview of the bibliometric analysis conducted on sustainable agriculture research publications from 1982 to 2023, covering a citation period of 42 years.A total of 980 papers were included in the analysis, accumulating a remarkable 177,750 citations over the years.On average, each paper received approximately 181.38 citations, with an impressive citation rate of 4232.14 citations per year for the entire dataset.The authors demonstrated a significant impact, with an astonishing average of 85,990.86citations per author and an h-index of 203, indicating the wide recognition and influence of their contributions to sustainable agriculture research in Indonesia.Furthermore, the analysis revealed an average of 472.35 papers per author and an average of 2.87 authors per paper, highlighting the collaborative nature of research in this field.The g-index of 358 and hI,norm of 134 further emphasize the substantial impact of the publications, considering both the quantity and quality of citations received.The hi,annual value of 3.26 indicates a consistent and steady growth in citation rates per year, reflecting sustained interest and relevance in the research topics covered.Moreover, the hA-index of 59 indicates the number of papers achieving a certain level of citation impact, with 973 papers having an average citation count of at least 1, 929 papers with an average citation count of at least 2, 712 papers with an average citation count of at least 5, 500 papers with an average citation count of at least 10, and 266 papers with an average citation count of at least 20, showcasing the depth and breadth of impactful research within sustainable agriculture in Indonesia.Overall, these metrics illustrate the significant contribution, influence, and ongoing relevance of sustainable agriculture research in addressing critical environmental, social, and economic challenges in Indonesia.1. Green Cluster: The central and largest cluster includes "sustainable agriculture," "farmer," "food security," and "impact."It likely represents core research into sustainable farming practices, their adoption by farmers, and their implications for food security and environmental impact.

Network Visualization
2. Red Cluster: This contains terms like "food system," "transition," and "organic agriculture."It seems to focus on broader food systems, their sustainability, and the transition toward more organic farming methods.
3. Blue Cluster: With keywords like "biotechnology," "microorganism," and "fertilizer," this cluster appears to deal with the technological and scientific aspects of sustainability in agriculture, such as the use of biotechnology and beneficial microorganisms to enhance crop growth and soil health.
4. Purple Cluster: This cluster includes "climate change," "technology," and "sustainable agricultural practice," suggesting a focus on the interplay between technology, farming practices, and the effects of climate change on agriculture.
5. Yellow Cluster: With "PGPR" (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) as a keyword, it indicates specialized research into the use of these bacteria in promoting plant health and growth, a specific aspect of sustainable agriculture.This network reveals an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating technology, biology, environmental science, and social considerations in the pursuit of more sustainable agricultural systems.The interconnections show how these areas influence each other and the overall goal of achieving sustainable practices in agriculture.2. Green (Mid-Period, Circa 2008-2010): The green color may represent topics that became prominent during this period.There could be a focus on the "impact" of sustainable practices on "food security" and the broader "food system," and how these are affected by "climate change," showing a response to global environmental changes.

Overlay Visualization
3. Yellow (Circa 2014): The most recent research topics, closer to 2014, are in yellow.There's an emphasis on "fertilizer" and "pgpr" (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria), suggesting a more specific exploration into sustainable farming inputs and the biotechnological applications in sustainable agriculture.
The trajectory of the research suggests that there was an initial broad focus on sustainable practices, which over time became more specialized, responding to the growing awareness of climate change impacts and exploring specific innovative solutions in agricultural practices.The yellow nodes might also represent emerging areas of interest within the sustainable agriculture field during the most recent years represented in the dataset.The visualization suggests a focus on sustainable agriculture, highlighting the core themes and potential directions for future research.In such visualizations, less bright areas can indicate niches that are either emerging or have not been as heavily focused upon as the more brightly lit, central topics.The less bright areas surrounding the central theme of "sustainable agriculture" might offer insights into areas that are currently less developed in the research landscape but hold potential for future exploration.Based on the visualization, these could include:

Density Visualization
1. Periphery topics related to "biotechnology" and "microorganism": These could relate to the development of sustainable bio-fertilizers or bio-pesticides, which could be an emerging field of study within sustainable agricultural practices.
2. Areas around "climate change": While climate change is a well-known issue, the intersection of climate change with specific sustainable agricultural practices or its impacts on particular crops might be less explored.
3. "Sap" and related agricultural bioproducts: This might refer to plant saps and their uses in sustainable agriculture, potentially an under-researched area that could include organic pesticides or growth stimulants.4. Regional studies ("India" and "China"): While there is a global understanding of sustainable agriculture, there may be less research into the unique challenges and opportunities in these specific and highly significant agricultural regions.Technological adoption ("technology" and "adoption"): How new sustainable technologies are adopted by farmers and integrated into existing agricultural systems could be an area ripe for future research.
These potential topics suggest an opportunity to delve into how modern scientific advancements and local adaptations can further enhance the sustainability of agriculture, considering both global trends and regional specifics.It also points towards the need to investigate the socio-economic aspects of technology adoption in agriculture and the ongoing responses to climate challenges.

Citations Analysis of Global Research
Table 2 The table presents a citation analysis of global research articles in the field of sustainable agriculture, listing the top-cited publications along with their respective authors and titles.At the forefront is the work by M.A. Altieri titled "Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture," with an impressive citation count of 4568, showcasing the widespread recognition and influence of agroecological principles in sustainable farming practices.Following closely is the contribution by J.N. Pretty on "Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture," reflecting the importance of inclusive and collaborative approaches in agricultural sustainability initiatives.Other notable publications include those discussing the role of conservation agriculture in sustainable practices, such as the work by P.R. Hobbs, K. Sayre, and R. Gupta, as well as contributions on agroecology's ecological processes by S.R. Gliessman, E. Engles, and R. Krieger.Additionally, the table highlights research on specific sustainable agricultural models and practices, such as the "Terra Preta" phenomenon as a model for sustainable agriculture in humid tropics, discussed by B. Glaser, L. Haumaier, G. Guggenberger, and W. Zech.The importance of plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria and phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture is also evident from the citations received by R. Backer, J.S. Rokem, G. Ilangumaran, and others, as well as the work by M.S. Khan, A. Zaidi, and P.A. Wani.The table showcases the diverse and influential research landscape in sustainable agriculture, emphasizing key topics such as agroecology, participatory learning, conservation agriculture, biological nitrogen fixation, and innovative agricultural practices aimed at promoting sustainability, environmental health, and agricultural productivity on a global scale.1.The green cluster centered around "kumar, a" suggests a well-connected group with "kumar, v" and "prasad, r" being significant collaborators.

4.6Author Mapping
2. The red cluster with "meena, vs" and "verma, jp" indicates a partnership or team that has likely published together.
3. The blue cluster shows collaborations revolving around "kour, d", "yadav, n", and "yadav, an".This suggests a research group or a team working closely on specific topics.
4. The lone nodes, like "singh, j", could represent authors who have fewer publications or are less centrally integrated into the network.

CONCLUSION
The comprehensive bibliometric analysis conducted on sustainable agriculture research in Indonesia has yielded valuable insights into the progress, trends, and directions within this critical field.With nearly a thousand papers analyzed spanning over four decades, the research landscape reflects a robust and impactful endeavor towards addressing the environmental, social, and economic challenges facing Indonesia's agricultural sector.The analysis showcased a remarkable level of collaboration among authors, indicating a collective effort towards advancing knowledge and innovation in sustainable agricultural practices.Key thematic areas identified, ranging from agroecology to technological interventions, underscore the interdisciplinary nature of research, highlighting the need for holistic approaches to address complex agricultural sustainability issues.Furthermore, the visualization of research clusters and evolution over time revealed shifting priorities, emerging trends, and potential areas for future exploration, reflecting a dynamic research landscape responsive to evolving challenges and opportunities.The citation analysis of global research reinforced the significance of Indonesian contributions to the broader discourse on sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the global relevance and impact of research endeavors within the country.Overall, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to guide evidence-based decision-making, prioritize research

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Overlay Visualization Source: Data Analysis Result, 2024 This network visualization appears to display the evolution of research topics in sustainable agriculture over time, from 2006 to 2014, as indicated by the color gradient in the visualization.1. Blue (Circa 2006): Research topics from around 2006 are highlighted in blue.The themes at this time may have included foundational concepts of sustainable agriculture, such as "organic agriculture," "sustainable agricultural practice," and the role of "technology" in farming.2.Green (Mid-Period, Circa 2008-2010): The green color may represent topics that became prominent during this period.There could be a focus on the "impact" of sustainable practices on "food security" and the broader "food system," and how these are affected by "climate change," showing a response to global environmental changes.3.Yellow (Circa 2014): The most recent research topics, closer to 2014, are in yellow.There's an emphasis on "fertilizer" and "pgpr" (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria), suggesting a more specific exploration into sustainable farming inputs and the biotechnological applications in sustainable agriculture.The trajectory of the research suggests that there was an initial broad focus on sustainable practices, which over time became more specialized, responding to the growing awareness of climate change impacts and exploring specific innovative solutions in agricultural practices.The yellow nodes might also represent emerging areas of interest within the sustainable agriculture field during the most recent years represented in the dataset.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Density Visualization Source: Data Analysis Result, 2024The visualization suggests a focus on sustainable agriculture, highlighting the core themes and potential directions for future research.In such visualizations, less bright areas can indicate niches that are either emerging or have not been as heavily focused upon as the more brightly lit, central topics.The less bright areas surrounding the central theme of "sustainable agriculture" might offer insights into areas that are currently less developed in the research landscape but hold potential for future exploration.Based on the visualization, these could include:1.Periphery topics related to "biotechnology" and "microorganism": These could relate to the development of sustainable bio-fertilizers or bio-pesticides, which could be an emerging field of study within sustainable agricultural practices.2.Areas around "climate change": While climate change is a well-known issue, the intersection of climate change with specific sustainable agricultural practices or its impacts on particular crops might be less explored.3."Sap" and related agricultural bioproducts: This might refer to plant saps and their uses in sustainable agriculture, potentially an under-researched area that could include organic pesticides or growth stimulants.4. Regional studies ("India" and "China"): While there is a global understanding of sustainable agriculture, there may be less research into the unique challenges and opportunities in these specific and highly significant agricultural regions.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Author Collaboration Network Source: Data Analysis Result, 2024 This visualization represents an author collaboration network, typically extracted from bibliometric data.The network illustrates how different authors have worked together on various research projects or publications.In this particular network we found:1.The green cluster centered around "kumar, a" suggests a well-connected group with "kumar, v" and "prasad, r" being significant collaborators.

Table 1 .
Data Metrics of Literature